Vers une démocratie directe partisane ? En relisant Ian Budge
MOREL Laurence (2000),
"Vers une démocratie directe partisane ? En relisant Ian Budge",
Revue Française de Science Politique,
n°50/4-5, pp.765-778.
Résumé :
Penser la démocratie directe. Non plus comme une utopie ou un idéal-type ; mais comme un régime concret, déjà partiellement réalisé et susceptible de prendre le dessus sur le Gouvernement représentatif. Partant du postulat que, grâce aux nouvelles technologies de la communication, il n'y aurait plus d'impossibilité de la démocratie directe dans les grands États, lan Budge fait le point des entraves subsistant à la réalisation de cette forme de régime. A cet effet il confronte ses défauts supposés ou réels avec ceux avérés de la démocratie représentative. L'originalité majeure consiste cependant à montrer comment beaucoup d'inconvénients de la démocratie directe pourraient être évités en contexte partisan. On peut contester la thèse d'une sorte de marche naturelle de l'histoire vers la démocratie directe, la capacité du web à créer des conditions de délibération proches de celles de l'assemblée primaire, ou la vision bud-gienne tendanciellement idyllique des partis. Surtout, I. Budge sous-estime le problème du poids de la participation, qui a augmenté à l'époque moderne avec l'extension du champ d'action gouvernementale et la complexification des problèmes. Malgré ces critiques, l'ouvrage [The New Challenge of Direct Democracy, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1996] a le mérite de constituer l'une des rares hypothèses de travail sérieuses pour envisager l'extension des moyens de démocratie directe.
Plan de l'article :
Démocratie directe et démocratie représentative : problèmes partagés
Les partis au service de la démocratie directe
Réalité du mouvement vers la démocratie directe ?
La délibération électronique comme solution ?
Le poids de la participation
La crise des partis
Abstract : The transformation of state socialism russia. from "chaotic" economy to state-led cooperative capitalism Policies driving the transition from state socialism to capitalism were predicated on the ideology of Anglo-American neo-liberalism. It is contended that the institutional structures promoting cohesion in this paradigm have been absent in Russia and that neo-liberalism did not fit the footprint, left by state socialism. The state has been significantly weakened and institutional controls over property are unable to foster coherence. On the basis of interviews with members of the energy elites, it is argued that the political and economic elites lack consensus agreement about the effectiveness of the political reforms. The tendency of competititve capitalism to "disorganization" is amplified in Russia, which is characterized as a "chaotic social formation" in which the social and economic system lacks coordination, and stability is precarious. It is suggested that state socialism may fit better a paradigm of cooperative state-led capitalism. In the absence of the kinds of government regulating systems operating in stable capitalist systems, the institutions of state socialism, rather than being liabilities to the development of a market system, should be considered as assets and utilised to promote cohesion and coordination of the economic and political system. To this end, the wider experience of the evolution of capitalism and the criticisms and alternatives to Anglo-American neo-liberalism should be critically adopted in the former state socialist societies.
Les partis au service de la démocratie directe
Réalité du mouvement vers la démocratie directe ?
La délibération électronique comme solution ?
Le poids de la participation
La crise des partis
Abstract : The transformation of state socialism russia. from "chaotic" economy to state-led cooperative capitalism Policies driving the transition from state socialism to capitalism were predicated on the ideology of Anglo-American neo-liberalism. It is contended that the institutional structures promoting cohesion in this paradigm have been absent in Russia and that neo-liberalism did not fit the footprint, left by state socialism. The state has been significantly weakened and institutional controls over property are unable to foster coherence. On the basis of interviews with members of the energy elites, it is argued that the political and economic elites lack consensus agreement about the effectiveness of the political reforms. The tendency of competititve capitalism to "disorganization" is amplified in Russia, which is characterized as a "chaotic social formation" in which the social and economic system lacks coordination, and stability is precarious. It is suggested that state socialism may fit better a paradigm of cooperative state-led capitalism. In the absence of the kinds of government regulating systems operating in stable capitalist systems, the institutions of state socialism, rather than being liabilities to the development of a market system, should be considered as assets and utilised to promote cohesion and coordination of the economic and political system. To this end, the wider experience of the evolution of capitalism and the criticisms and alternatives to Anglo-American neo-liberalism should be critically adopted in the former state socialist societies.